Chocolate consumption is inversely associated with prevalent coronary heart disease: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study
- PMID: 20858571
- PMCID: PMC3039704
- DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2010.08.005
Chocolate consumption is inversely associated with prevalent coronary heart disease: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study
Abstract
Background & aims: Epidemiologic studies have suggested beneficial effects of flavonoids on cardiovascular disease. Cocoa and particularly dark chocolate are rich in flavonoids and recent studies have demonstrated blood pressure lowering effects of dark chocolate. However, limited data are available on the association of chocolate consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). We sought to examine the association between chocolate consumption and prevalent CHD.
Methods: We studied in a cross-sectional design 4970 participants aged 25-93 years who participated in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Family Heart Study. Chocolate intake was assessed through a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. We used generalized estimating equations to estimate adjusted odds ratios.
Results: Compared to subjects who did not report any chocolate intake, odds ratios (95% CI) for CHD were 1.01 (0.76-1.37), 0.74 (0.56-0.98), and 0.43 (0.28-0.67) for subjects consuming 1-3 times/month, 1-4 times/week, and 5+ times/week, respectively (p for trend <0.0001) adjusting for age, sex, family CHD risk group, energy intake, education, non-chocolate candy intake, linolenic acid intake, smoking, alcohol intake, exercise, and fruit and vegetables. Consumption of non-chocolate candy was associated with a 49% higher prevalence of CHD comparing 5+/week vs. 0/week [OR = 1.49 (0.96-2.32)].
Conclusions: These data suggest that consumption of chocolate is inversely related with prevalent CHD in a general United States population.
Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Conflict of interest statement
Comment in
-
Is bitter better? The benefits of chocolate for the cardiovascular system.Curr Hypertens Rep. 2011 Dec;13(6):401-3. doi: 10.1007/s11906-011-0232-9. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2011. PMID: 21953488 No abstract available.
-
Copper in chocolate may improve health.Clin Nutr. 2012 Feb;31(1):149; author reply 150. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2011.11.005. Epub 2011 Nov 25. Clin Nutr. 2012. PMID: 22119210 No abstract available.
Similar articles
-
Chocolate consumption is inversely associated with calcified atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary arteries: the NHLBI Family Heart Study.Clin Nutr. 2011 Feb;30(1):38-43. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2010.06.011. Epub 2010 Jul 22. Clin Nutr. 2011. PMID: 20655129 Free PMC article.
-
Chocolate consumption and prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the NHLBI Family Heart Study.ESPEN J. 2012 Aug 1;7(4):e139-e143. doi: 10.1016/j.clnme.2012.04.002. ESPEN J. 2012. PMID: 25126517 Free PMC article.
-
Chocolate consumption and risk of heart failure in the Physicians' Health Study.Eur J Heart Fail. 2014 Dec;16(12):1372-6. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.180. Epub 2014 Oct 14. Eur J Heart Fail. 2014. PMID: 25311633 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial.
-
Chocolate and coronary heart disease: a systematic review.Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2011 Dec;13(6):447-52. doi: 10.1007/s11883-011-0203-2. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2011. PMID: 21894553 Review.
-
Effects of cocoa products/dark chocolate on serum lipids: a meta-analysis.Eur J Clin Nutr. 2011 Aug;65(8):879-86. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.64. Epub 2011 May 11. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2011. PMID: 21559039 Review.
Cited by 23 articles
-
Effect of Cacao Nip Extracts (CEs) on Quality Characteristics of Pork Patties during Cold Storage Period.Food Sci Anim Resour. 2019 Dec;39(6):918-933. doi: 10.5851/kosfa.2019.e77. Epub 2019 Dec 31. Food Sci Anim Resour. 2019. PMID: 31950108 Free PMC article.
-
Effect of Cacao Bean Husk Powder on the Quality Properties of Pork Sausages.Food Sci Anim Resour. 2019 Oct;39(5):742-755. doi: 10.5851/kosfa.2019.e62. Epub 2019 Oct 31. Food Sci Anim Resour. 2019. PMID: 31728444 Free PMC article.
-
Phytochemicals for Improving Aspects of Cognitive Function and Psychological State Potentially Relevant to Sports Performance.Sports Med. 2019 Feb;49(Suppl 1):39-58. doi: 10.1007/s40279-018-1007-0. Sports Med. 2019. PMID: 30671903 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Candy consumption may add to the body burden of lead and cadmium of children in Nigeria.Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2019 Jan;26(2):1921-1931. doi: 10.1007/s11356-018-3706-3. Epub 2018 Nov 20. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2019. PMID: 30460652
-
The Impact of Epicatechin on Human Cognition: The Role of Cerebral Blood Flow.Nutrients. 2018 Jul 27;10(8):986. doi: 10.3390/nu10080986. Nutrients. 2018. PMID: 30060538 Free PMC article. Review.
Publication types
MeSH terms
Substances
Grant support
- U01 HL67899/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL056567-04/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL56565/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL067897/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- P30 ES010126/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States
- K01 HL070444-06/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL56564/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL67897/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL067893/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL056563-04/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL056567/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL67896/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL067900-04/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL067896/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL56566/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL067895-04/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL067901/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL067898-04/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL56569/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL067900/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL056569-04/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL067898/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL67900/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL056566-04/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL067894/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL056568-04/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL067896-04/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL067897-04/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL67895/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL56568/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL067894-04/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL067895/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL067901-04/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL067899/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL067893-04/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- K01 HL070444/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL56567/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL056564-04/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- K01-HL70444/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL67898/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL56563/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL056565-04/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL67902/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- R01 HL117078/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL 67893/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL067902/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL067902-04/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL67894/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL067899-04/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
- U01 HL67901/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States
LinkOut - more resources
-
Full Text Sources
-
Other Literature Sources
-
Medical