Exercise-induced oxidative stress: cellular mechanisms and impact on muscle force production
- PMID: 18923182
- PMCID: PMC2909187
- DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2007
Exercise-induced oxidative stress: cellular mechanisms and impact on muscle force production
Abstract
The first suggestion that physical exercise results in free radical-mediated damage to tissues appeared in 1978, and the past three decades have resulted in a large growth of knowledge regarding exercise and oxidative stress. Although the sources of oxidant production during exercise continue to be debated, it is now well established that both resting and contracting skeletal muscles produce reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species. Importantly, intense and prolonged exercise can result in oxidative damage to both proteins and lipids in the contracting myocytes. Furthermore, oxidants can modulate a number of cell signaling pathways and regulate the expression of multiple genes in eukaryotic cells. This oxidant-mediated change in gene expression involves changes at transcriptional, mRNA stability, and signal transduction levels. Furthermore, numerous products associated with oxidant-modulated genes have been identified and include antioxidant enzymes, stress proteins, DNA repair proteins, and mitochondrial electron transport proteins. Interestingly, low and physiological levels of reactive oxygen species are required for normal force production in skeletal muscle, but high levels of reactive oxygen species promote contractile dysfunction resulting in muscle weakness and fatigue. Ongoing research continues to probe the mechanisms by which oxidants influence skeletal muscle contractile properties and to explore interventions capable of protecting muscle from oxidant-mediated dysfunction.
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Comment in
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Parallels of snipe hunting and ROS research: the challenges of studying ROS and redox signalling in response to exercise.J Physiol. 2009 Mar 1;587(Pt 5):927-8. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.165605. Epub 2009 Jan 5. J Physiol. 2009. PMID: 19124537 Free PMC article. Review. No abstract available.
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